The PI’s group has made experimental breakthroughs in high-pressure studies with element-specific probes, such as inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS a.k.a. x-ray Raman scattering, XRS) (Lee SK et al. Nature Materials. 2005; Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007; PNAS 2008; Rev. Min. Geochem, 2014; PNAS 2018; Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019; Kim et al. Geophy. Res. Lett. 2019), mainly at the beamline at Adavanced Photon Source, USA. We also utilized X-FEL-PAL starting from spring 2022 and SLAC-LCLS-MEC since 2024. These advances reveal the details of bonding changes in glass and melts under compression and extreme friction, allowing us to account for the chemical evolution of Earth.